Simultaneous Subject Teaching
Learning several different subjects simultaneously, and
in the right order
or
sequence,
will help
retain knowledge more easily by way of increased
associations and
connections,
especially when most subjects
share common knowledge. This also helps to
speed up the
learning process. When
you're
learning to read you should be
reading to learn at the same time.
Inter-Disciplinarity involves the
combining of two or more
academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research
project).
It's about creating something new by crossing boundaries, and
thinking across them. It is related to an interdiscipline or an
interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that
crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or
schools of thought, as new needs and professions emerge.
Real Life Examples.
Interdiscipline
means an
organizational unit that involves two or more
academic
disciplines, but which have the formal criteria of disciplines such as
dedicated research journals, conferences and university departments.
(Identify the underlying connections between different topics. Identify
the key concepts of your topic).
Multi-Disciplinary involves drawing appropriately from
multiple disciplines to redefine problems outside normal boundaries and
reach solutions based on a new understanding of complex situations.
Polymath is a person whose expertise spans a significant
number of
different subject areas. A person who is known to draw on
several complex
bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
Multipotentiality is the ability of a person to excel in two
or more different fields.
Multisensory Learning is when individuals are taught using more than
one sense. The
senses
usually employed in multisensory learning are visual, auditory,
kinesthetic, and tactile – VAKT (i.e.
seeing, hearing, doing, and
touching). Other
senses
might include
smell, taste and
balance.
Personalized Education
(Differentiated Instruction)
Dual n-Back
(spaced repetition)
Subdiscipline is a field of study
or work that is related to one aspect, but not the whole.
Cross-disciplinary is a general
term used to refer to any activity that involves two or more academic
disciplines.
Integrative Learning
is integrated lessons that help students make
connections across
curricula.
Integrated Course is a course
that covers several subjects.
Synchronize.
Ontology encompasses a
representation, formal naming and
definition of the
categories, properties and
relations
between the concepts, data and entities that substantiate one, many, or
all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the
properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set
of concepts and categories that represent the subject. Every academic
discipline or field creates ontologies to limit complexity and organize
data into information and knowledge. New ontologies improve problem
solving within that domain. Translating research papers within every field
is a problem made easier when experts from different countries maintain a
controlled vocabulary of jargon between each of their languages.
Library Science.
Ontology
Learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies,
including extracting the corresponding domain's terms and the
relationships between the concepts that
these terms represent from a corpus of natural language text, and encoding
them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. As building ontologies
manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great
motivation to automate the process. Typically, the process starts by
extracting terms and concepts or noun phrases from plain text using
linguistic processors such as part-of-speech tagging and phrase chunking.
Then statistical or symbolic techniques are used to extract relation
signatures, often based on pattern-based or definition-based hypernym
extraction techniques.
Ontology in
computing is a rigorous and
exhaustive
organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and
contains all the
relevant
entities and their
relations. Ontology
can also mean the
philosophical
study of being.
Simultaneous are
things that occurre at the
same time or are
operating at the same time.
Simultaneity is
happening, existing or done at the same time.
Simultaneously are things happening at the same instant.
Multi-Tasking.
Concurrently are things that happening at the same time
and are overlapping in
duration.
Corresponding are things
that are
similar, especially in
position or
purpose. Be compatible,
similar or
consistent;
coincide in their characteristics. Be equivalent or
parallel, in
mathematics.
Cross-Reference
-
Link.
Coincides are things
that go together or happen simultaneously and occur during the
same time. Correspond in nature or in position and meet or intersect. To
be the
same.
Overlapping is to partly coincide in time
or coincide partially or wholly. To extend over so as to cover partly or
cover part of the same area of interest, responsibility, etc. Covering
with a design in which one element covers a part of another.
Conjunction is the temporal property of
two things happening
at the same time. The state of being
joined together. An
uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words, phrases, clauses
or sentences. The grammatical relation between linguistic units (words,
phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction. Something that
joins or connects
Concerted involves the
joint activity of
two or more things or people.
Synesthesia.
Juggle is to
deal with several things
simultaneously, sometimes with difficulty and sometimes balancing insecurely.
Juggling is to throw, catch, and keep in the air several things
simultaneously. To manipulate things by moving around components. The act
of rearranging things to sometimes give a
misleading impression.
Life is a
Juggle.
Joint
are things
united or
combined and affecting or
involving two or more things.
Bridging
is to join things as if by a bridge. To span across a gap. To link between
two points. To make a connection. Bridge is a structure that allows people
or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river, canyon or other roadway.
Unison is occurring
together or simultaneously.
Batch Processing.
Double Effect refers to two types
of consequences that may be produced by a single action. Some actions can
have multiple benefits.
Cross-Training
involves
combining exercises to work various parts of the body. Often one
particular activity works certain muscle groups, but not others;
cross-training aims to eliminate this imbalance. This training is meant to
overcome the shortcomings of one style by practicing another style which
is strong in the appropriate area.
On the Job Training.
Transdisciplinarity relates to
more than one branch of knowledge;
interdisciplinary. Connotes a research strategy that crosses many
disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach. It applies to
research efforts focused on problems that cross the boundaries of two or
more disciplines, such as research on effective information systems for
biomedical research (see
bioinformatics), and
can refer to concepts or methods that were originally developed by one
discipline, but are now used by several others, such as ethnography, a
field research method originally developed in anthropology but now widely
used by other disciplines. The Belmont Forum elaborated that a transdisciplinary approach is enabling inputs and scoping across
scientific and non-scientific stakeholder communities and facilitating a
systemic way of addressing a challenge. This includes initiatives that
support the capacity building required for the successful
transdisciplinary formulation and implementation of research actions.
Multi-Agent System is a computerized system composed of
multiple interacting intelligent agents within an environment. Multi-agent
systems can be used to solve problems that are difficult or impossible for
an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve.
Long-Term Potentiation -
Brain Plasticity -
Potential
Thematic Approach is a way of teaching
and learning, whereby many areas of the curriculum are
connected together and
integrated within a theme.
Thematic Learning is an instructional method of teaching in which
emphasis is given on choosing a specific theme for teaching one or many
concepts in order to notice the inter-relatedness of various subjects. It
is based on integrating variety of information and using it to demonstrate
the topic.
Benefits: The method connects
subjects, topics and themes naturally. Learning opportunity, thus is
extended beyond one class, to throughout a whole day or week. Learning
becomes a continuing process, which is not limited to books or guidelines
prescribed by the curriculum or time bound. The emphasis is not on the
product, but the
process of learning.
The contribution of the learners becomes an essential part of the
curriculum. The focus of the group activity is problem solving, critical
and creative thinking. It marks the beginning of community of learners.
Differentiation into units makes assessment accurate and relevant. The
method enhances risk taking factor in the learners, through self-initiated
learning activities and first hand experiences. The group consists of
active learners, since there is investigation of ideas and concepts, which
are a reflection of their inquiries.
Outcomes:
The learner sees continuous relationship between concepts since one plans
and experiences thematic inquiry. The learner understands the relation
between topics dealt in the classroom and those one experiences outside,
in day-to-day life. Thematic activities make the learner engage into
authentic communication. The learner shares one's ideas with others in the
group. Interaction within and without the group makes the learner
inculcate values of respect and cooperation, thus building peer learning
groups. A learner takes responsibility for one's learning. The teacher
becomes the facilitator, reduces the role of dispenser of learning.
Community for learning develops in the group. The assessment on the part
of the facilitator and the learner oneself, becomes continuous.
Phenomenon-Based Learning is where students study a topic or concept
in a
holistic approach
instead of in a subject-based approach.
Dependency Graph is a
directed graph representing dependencies of several objects towards
each other. It is possible to derive an evaluation order or the absence of
an evaluation order that respects the given dependencies from the
dependency graph.
Data Dependency is a situation in which a program statement
(instruction) refers to the data of a preceding statement.
Thomas Young was a British polymath and scientist who made notable
contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy,
physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. He "made a number
of original and insightful innovations" in the decipherment of Egyptian
hieroglyphs (specifically the Rosetta Stone) before Jean-François
Champollion eventually expanded on his work. Young has been described as
"The Last Man Who Knew Everything". His work informed that later done by
William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell, and Albert
Einstein. Young is credited with establishing the wave theory of light, in
contrast to the particle theory of Isaac Newton. Young's work was
subsequently supported by the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Born June 13,
1773 and Died May 10, 1829 at age 55.
Associations - Connections
Association is the state of being
connected together. The process of bringing
ideas or events together
in memory or imagination. A
relation resulting from
interaction or
dependence. A social or business
relationship
or
cooperative link between
people or
organizations.
Analogies -
Correlations.
Association in psychology refers to a
mental connection between
concepts, events, or
mental states that usually stems from specific
experiences.
Activism.
Associative Learning is the process by which
someone learns an
association between two
stimuli, or a behavior and a
stimulus. The two forms of associative learning are
classical and operant
conditioning. Classical conditioning is when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly
presented, together with a reflex eliciting stimuli, until eventually the
neutral stimulus elicits a response on its own. In operant conditioning, a
certain behavior is either
reinforced or
punished, which alters the
probability that the behavior will reoccur.
Association in object-oriented programming
-
Non-Associative Learning.
Association of Ideas is a process by which
representations arise in
consciousness, and also for a principle put forward by an important
historical school of thinkers to account generally for the succession of
mental phenomena. The term is now used mostly in the history of philosophy
and of psychology. One idea was
thought to follow another
in consciousness if it were associated by some principle. The three
commonly asserted principles of association were similarity, contiguity,
and contrast, numerous others had been added by the nineteenth century.
Our memory prefers essence over form. What clues does our
memory use to connect a current situation to a
situation from the past? The researchers have demonstrated that
similarities in structure and essence guide our recollections rather than
surface similarities. It is only when individuals
lack sufficient knowledge that
they turn to the surface clues to recollect a situation. These results are
relevant in the field of education. They underline the need to focus on
the conceptual aspects of situations. Our memory organizes our experiences
based on two main features: surface features, which include superficial
similarities between situations (the setting, for instance, or the people
present); and structural features, which characterize the depth of the
situation and its key issues. The existing literature argues that people
tend to
favor surface clues when
dealing with a given situation. This is often attributed to the fact that
our brain looks for the easiest option when it comes to memory recall, and
that in general the surface of a recollection correlates to its structure.
One thought leads to
another.
Certain ideas can reinforce each other and can be
linked to one another.
Association is a
reason why certain
information exists in your mind. If information has no
purpose, then there is no need or
incentive to remember or
store that
information. This is why using
real
life examples in teaching helps students to remember and store
important information and knowledge.
Memory Peg System -
Association of Ideas -
Associations (matrix)
How associative fear memory is formed in the brain. Using a mouse
model, the researchers demonstrated the formation of
fear memory involves the
strengthening of neural pathways between two brain areas: the hippocampus,
which responds to a particular context and encodes it, and the amygdala,
which triggers defensive behavior, including fear responses.
Mind Maps (visualization) -
Spatial Intelligence
Correlation is a
reciprocal
or
feedback
relation between two or more things. A
statistical relation between two or
more
variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable
are accompanied by
systematic changes in the other.
Coordinated -
Patterns
-
Connotation.
Correlated is when things are
mutually related and have a
reciprocal
relation that is
complementary.
Correlation Cause and Effect -
Organize
-
Synthesis -
NetworkBut not every
correlation
or
association proves that something or
defines that something, or does it
accurately explain the reasons why something
happened or the reason why something exists or the reason why something's
seem connected. Something's are just a
coincidence, so we
need to be careful and not to
assume
things just because they are closely related.
Associative learning allows an individual to acquire an association
between a sensory cue and an outcome resulting from a specific response.
Associative learning plays a vital role in the ability to learn new
associations that allow human beings to
optimally respond to the world
around them.
Memory
Techniques (improving memory).
Word Association
is a
word game based on the noun
phrase word association,
meaning "stimulation of an associative
pattern
by a word" or "the
connection and
production of other
words in response to a given word, done
spontaneously
as a game, creative technique, or as an
evaluation."
Connection is a
relation between things or
events, as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with
it. The process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or
imagination The act of bringing two things into contact, especially for
communication. The state of being connected. An instrumentality that
connects. Shifting from one form of transportation to another.
Connected is being joined in close
association or
linked together.
Everything is Connected.
Connect is to make a
logical or
causal connection
and join for the purpose of
communication.
To establish a rapport or
relationship or
communication with someone. To fasten or put together two or more pieces
so as to become joined or united or linked together. Connect can also mean
to
schedule a place of origin so as
to provide
continuing service, as in
transportation.
Interconnected is a state of being
connected
reciprocally.
Relative -
Relevant
Association Rule Learning is a rule-based
machine learning method for discovering interesting relations between
variables in large
databases.
Relate is to make a logical or
causal connection
to something that is relevant and has or establishes a relationship to
something else.
Relate to means to make a
connection and understand something. If you
can't relate to something or someone that
means that you don't understand something or someone, so you cannot make a
connection.
Associative Memory is the ability to learn and remember the
relationship between
unrelated items.
Relational Database -
Organizing
Connect the Dots is a metaphor to illustrate an ability or inability
to associate one idea with another, to find the "
big
picture", or salient feature, in a mass of data.
Connecting the dots or join the dots is a
form of
puzzle
containing a sequence of numbered dots. When a
line is drawn connecting
the dots the outline of an object is revealed. The puzzles frequently
contain simple line art to enhance the image created or to assist in
rendering a complex section of the image. The use of numbers can be
replaced with letters or other symbols.
Ishikawa Diagram
(wiki)
Link
Analysis link analysis is a data-analysis technique used to evaluate
relationships or connections between
nodes. Relationships may be identified among various types of nodes
(objects), including organizations, people and transactions.
Link analysis has been used
for
investigation of criminal
activity, computer security analysis, search engine optimization,
market research, medical research, and art.
Network -
Monopoly.
Entity-Relationship Model describes interrelated things of interest in
a specific domain of knowledge. A basic ER model is composed of entity
types (which classify the things of interest) and specifies relationships
that can exist between instances of those entity types.
Mind Maps.
Concept Map is a diagram that depicts suggested
relationships between
concepts. It is a graphical tool that instructional designers, engineers,
technical writers, and others use to organize and structure knowledge.
Brainstorming.
Idea Networking is a list of statements that are reduced into a
handful of clusters or
categories. The statements might be source from interviews, text, web
sites, focus groups, SWOT analysis or
community consultation.
Children improve at Math when instruction engages their own bodies.
-
Experience Learning
Caudate Nucleus
is one of the structures that make up the dorsal striatum, which is a
component of the basal ganglia. Plays important roles in various other
nonmotor functions including procedural learning,
associative learning and
inhibitory control of action, among other functions. The caudate is also
one of the
Brain Structures which compose the reward system and functions
as part of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic loop.
Positive Reinforcement (praise)
Sense-making is the process by which people give
meaning to their
collective
experiences.
Relevance -
Relative
Goes with the Territory means that
something is a normal or necessary part of something else.
Games and Memory -
Ideas and
experiences reinforce each other and can be mentally linked to
one another.
Memory Consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a
memory trace after its initial acquisition. Consolidation is distinguished
into two specific processes, synaptic consolidation, which is synonymous
with late-phase long-term potentiation and occurs within the first few
hours after learning, and systems consolidation, where
hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over
a period of weeks to years. Recently, a third process has become the focus
of research, reconsolidation, in which previously-consolidated memories
can be made labile again through reactivation of the memory trace.
Language Immersion is when you teach a second language using
different subjects such as math, science, social studies and so on and so
on.
Parallel Processing Knowing the
connections between things, and knowing how things are
related, is extremely important. These
associations are the framework of
understanding, and
also an important key to
remembering.
Having
organized knowledge is more effective and more efficient
then having
fragmented knowledge. You must also show
real life examples on how to use knowledge
in practice,
and not just
present knowledge
in theory on a
piece of paper.
Schools Should Teach Multiple Subjects Simultaneously, while providing
students with
21st
Century Skills. The school could be named
life
school that teaches students using
real life examples. You can use a
solar power kit to teach
electric power,
physics and
science,
and so on. You can use a computer
mother board to teach
electronics and
how to build and
maintain a
computer with
monitor, and how to build a
smartphone, and an
electric car. We can use
some of the
millions of electronics
that are thrown away each year. You can use
house building to teach
engineering,
math,
design,
art,
city management,
social intelligence. Also learn how
to make shoes, clothes, appliances, furniture, a
bicycle, and tools, and other things
that people need to live. Also Learn about
factories and
mass production. So
as the student makes all the things they need, they also learn every
important school subject at the same time. This way they will have most of
the tools they need, as well as the necessary knowledge, information and
skills in order to use everything effectively and efficiently, which
leaves more time to enjoy life and to explore even more possibilities. You
can use
food growing to teach
nutrition,
physical health,
mental health,
environment awareness,
chemistry,
taste,
smell,
biology, food preparation,
cooking,
awareness,
focus and
discipline,
time management,
spatial
skills,
Body skills,
love and
sharing,
economics,
geography, and
math,
and so on. You can use
language learning to learn
communication skills,
intelligence,
information literacy,
teaching and learning methods, and so
on.
Reading and Learning
at the Same time. Teaching subjects together without creating
Information Overload.
When you learn to read and write you
should learn
words that are relevant to your everyday life,
words that will help you advance your understanding of yourself
and advance your understanding of the world around you. Every subject and lesson
should have
elements of other subjects and lessons. Simultaneous subject
teaching in
logically ordered steps. At the same time you are
learning math you should also be learning
problem
solving and
information literacy.
And as you are learning
language,
reading and
writing, you should
have the lesson words coincide
with the first steps of
Core
Knowledge that every human needs. Consisting of words in
the lessons that teaches the student about the
human condition
and the abilities of the
human brain. These are the
ways I
learn. These are the things that
influence behavior. These are
the
joys of life. These are
the
dangers of life,
these are the things that we have learned so far and these are
the mistakes that we that we have made in our past, and so on and
so on.
Comprehending what
Comprehension
means. Combining Subjects and Multitasking can save time, and
also help keep things interesting. Don't force kids to
memorize
things that are irrelevant and unimportant, especially at the
wrong time in their lives. When you
teach a subject or a method, you teach purpose and reasoning
at the same time. Knowledge imbedded in the
lesson. So what ever the brain is focused on the student
still learns. Meanings with words behind the words and a lesson
behind the lesson. This also teaches the
brain to be aware of
all the questions that need to be asked in order to define the
words.
Being aware of hidden meanings and learning to look at
the whole picture.
Like learning the
moral of a
story and similar to having a
parable,
metaphor,
analogy or
allegory.
Trans-Media
Storytelling
is the technique of telling a single story or story experience
across multiple platforms and formats using current digital technologies.
Frame
Story -
Meanings.
Synchronicity is when events could have
meaningful
coincidences if they occur with no
causal relationship, yet seem to be
meaningfully related.
Dual Education System combines apprenticeships in a company
and vocational education at a vocational school in one course.
Constructs -
Paired Associate Learning
Neurons That Fire Together Wire Together means that the more you
run a neural-circuit in your brain, the stronger that circuit becomes,
making the process more efficient each successive time.
Practice Makes Perfect.
Sequence Learning -
Intelligent Words -
Structure
Learning Methods -
Teaching through Demonstration
You don't want students saying
"When am I ever
going to use this?" You want to show students all the areas in life
where this knowledge is used, so they know how important this knowledge
is, and also easily remember the knowledge that they have acquired because
they now have something in their life to relate this knowledge to.
Math is the hidden secret to understanding the world: Roger Antonsen
(video and interactive text)
Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English is a
teaching approach intended for teaching various academic content (such as
social studies, science or literature) using the English language to
students who are still learning English.
‘Lesson Study’ Technique: What Teachers Can Learn From One Another.
Having Other Teachers' Eyes Means Also Having Their Ideas.
Lesson Study Group at Mills College.
Why some words may be more memorable than others. Our brains use
internet search engine strategies to remember words and memories of past
experiences. By combining memory tests, brain wave recordings, and surveys
of billions of words published in books, news articles and internet
encyclopedia pages, the researchers not only showed how our brains may
recall words but also memories of our past experiences. Thousands of
words, big and small, are crammed inside our memory banks just waiting to
be swiftly withdrawn and strung into sentences. We found that some words
are much more memorable than others. Our results support the idea that our
memories are wired into neural networks and that our brains search for
these memories, just the way search engines track down information on the
internet. The memory tests were originally designed to assess
episodic memories, or the associations -- the
who, what, where and how details -- we make with our past experiences.
Further results supported the idea that the more memorable words
represented high trafficked hubs in the brain's memory networks.
Subjects that Share Common Knowledge
Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in
the human brain that control the
comprehension, production, and
acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics
draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience, linguistics,
cognitive science, neurobiology, communication disorders, neuropsychology,
and computer science.
Journal of Neurolinguistics -
Natural Language Processing
Neuro-Linguistic Programming is a
connection between
neurological processes (neuro-), language (linguistic) and behavioral
patterns learned through experience (
programming), and that these can be
changed to achieve specific
goals in life.
Redundancy refers to
information that is expressed more than
once. Use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric.
Language of Thought Hypothesis describes the nature of
thought as possessing "
language-like" or compositional structure
(sometimes known as mentalese). On this view, simple concepts combine in
systematic ways (akin to the rules of grammar in language) to build
thoughts. In its most basic form, the theory states that thought, like
language, has syntax.
Language and Thought -
We think in the Language
we Speak.
Hebbian Theory claims that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises
from a presynaptic cell's
repeated and
persistent stimulation of a
postsynaptic cell.
Electives (learning about life)
Neural Reuse: A Fundamental Organizational Principle of the
Brain Neural circuits established for one purpose can be put
to different uses, often without losing their original
functions. Reducing the cognitive load is beneficial as long as
the knowledge is valuable and relevant. (Cortical
Parcellation, Neural Partners).
Memory with a Purpose
Modularity of Mind is an idea that the mind is composed of
innate neural structures or modules which have distinct established
evolutionarily developed functions.
Component-Based Software Engineering is when all system
processes are placed into separate
components so that all of the data and functions inside each component are
semantically related (just as with the contents of classes). Because of
this principle, it is often said that components are modular and cohesive,
logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts. It is a
reuse-based approach to defining, implementing and composing loosely
coupled independent components into
systems. This practice aims
to bring about an equally wide-ranging degree of benefits in both the
short-term and the long-term for the software itself and for organizations
that sponsor such software.
Application Bundle are directory
Hierarchies.
Boundary Object is information, such as specimens, field notes, and
maps, used in different ways by different communities. Boundary objects
are plastic, interpreted differently across communities but with enough
immutable content to maintain integrity.
Brain builds and uses maps of social networks, physical space, in the same
way. Even in these social-distanced days, we keep in our heads a map
of our relationships with other people: family, friends, coworkers and how
they relate to each other. New research from the Center for Mind and Brain
at the University of California, Davis shows that we put together this
social map in much the same way that we assemble a map of physical places
and things. They gave volunteers pieces of information about two groups of
people ranked by perceived relative competence and popularity. The
volunteers were only told about relations on one dimension between a pair
of people who differed by one rank level at a time: for example, that
Alice is more popular than Bob, but Bob is seen as more competent than
Charles. The true social hierarchy could be mapped as a two-dimensional
grid defined by dimensions of competence and popularity, but this was not
shown to the volunteers. They only could infer it by integrating piecemeal
learned relationships between pairs of individuals in one dimension at a
time. They also learned about relative ranks of a few people between
groups.
Assembling a map. They were later
asked about relationships between new pairs of people in the grid while
the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure
brain activity. Without being prompted, based only on pairwise
comparisons, the volunteers organized the information into a
two-dimensional grid in their brains. This two-dimensional map was present
across three brain regions called the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and
ventromedial prefrontal cortex/medial orbitofrontal cortex. Based on
limited comparisons between the two groups, they were also able to
generalize to the rest of the group. For example, if Cynthia from group 1
was more popular than David from group 2, that affected the rank of other
members of group 2 compared to group 1. The volunteers weren't told to
think about the data in that way, Boorman said. Given only pairwise
comparisons, they inferred the remaining hierarchical arrangement of the
whole set. "If you know how two social networks are related to each other,
you can make a good inference about the relationship between two
individuals in different social networks before direct experiences," Park
said. The study points to a general principle behind how we make decisions
based on past experience. Whether we are remembering a route in the
physical world, or learning about a set of friends and acquaintances, we
start with a template, such as a 2-D topology, and a few landmarks, and
fit new data around them. "Our results show that our brain organizes
knowledge learned from separate experiences in a structural form like a
map, which allows us to use past experiences to make a novel decision,"
Park said. That allows us to quickly adapt to a new situation based on
past experience. This may help to explain humans' remarkable flexibility
in generalizing experiences from one task to another, a key challenge in
artificial intelligence research. "We know a lot about how the neural
codes for representing physical space," Boorman said. "It looks like the
human brain uses the same codes to organize abstract, non-spatial
information as well."
Thinking in Levels -
Architecture (engineering)